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## Replication of "Opposition to Women Political Leaders:　Gender Bias and Stereotypes of Politicians among Japanese Voters"
### Yuya Endo　and Yoshikuni Ono
### *Journal of Women, Politics & Policy*, forthcoming

***

#### Description

- Women are extremely underrepresented in Japanese political life. One possible reason for this is that voters are biased against women. Compared to American voters, to what extent are Japanese voters opposed to women political leaders? What kinds of stereotypes do they have about women politicians? To answer these questions and probe the external validity of American studies on this topic, we conducted a survey that elicits respondents’ attitudes toward women political leaders. First, our list experiment outcomes revealed that approximately 10% of Japanese, and 20% of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) supporters, oppose a woman becoming prime minister. Second, we also identified respondents’ gender stereotypes by asking them directly about their impressions of politicians, which revealed that Japanese voters have strong stereotypes for men and women politicians regarding their policy areas of expertise and personal characteristics. These stereotypes are strongest among men and older voters as well as voters who support the LDP. Our findings have broad implications for the literature on gender and politics beyond the study of Japanese politics.

#### About data

- This replication package includes two sub-folders -- `build` and `analyze`. The files in the `build` folder generate the data necessary to replicate all the results for this article and another article we plan to publish. The files in the `analyze` folder generate the results for this article.

#### Files included in this package:

- `README.md`

- `REAME.pdf` -- generated by `README.md`

- `Endo-Ono.Rproj` (for RStudio)

- `master.R` -- a master file that sources all other scripts. 

- renv (folder)
    - Files generated by the `renv` package (version 0.14.0-3)
    - See https://rstudio.github.io/renv/index.html.

- `renv.lock`
    - A file generated by the `renv` package (version 0.14.0-3)

- build
    - data (folder)
      - Original data files
    - scripts 
      - R scripts to make tidy data for analysis
    - output (folder)
      - Temporary files generated by the scripts in the `build/scripts` folder

- analyze
    - data (folder)
      - Data used for replication
      - The files in the `built` sub-folders are generated by the scripts in the `build/scripts` folder
    - documents (folder)
      - Documents relevant to the data in the `build/data` folder
    - figures (folder)
      - All files are generated by the scripts in the `analyze/scripts` folder
    - functions (folder)
      - Functions used in multiple scripts
    - scripts 
      - R scripts for complete replication
    - tables (folder)
      - All files are generated by the scripts in the `analyze/scripts` folder

#### Remarks:

- If you use RStudio, click `Endo-Ono.Rproj` to launch RStudio and set the working directory automatically. 
- If you do not use RStudio, manually set the working directory, which is the folder that includes `Endo-Ono.Rproj`.

#### Program: 

- `R` (version 4.1.3)

#### Additional programs required: 

- `tidyverse` (version 1.3.1)
- `list` (version 9.2)
- `flextable` (version 0.6.9)
- `modelsummary` (version 0.8.0)
- `ggstance` (version 0.3.5)
- `broom` (version 0.7.9)
- `margins` (version 0.3.26)

#### Process of replication:

- If you use RStudio, install `renv` (a package to create reproducible environments). Then, type `renv::restore()` to restore a project's dependencies from a lockfile. If you do not use RStudio, install the packages manually.
- Then, run the scripts sequentially or run `master.R`.

#### Most recent date of successful replication

December 24, 2022
